The 13 kind of text in english

 

01. Review Text

Review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game and musical composition.

Example

Example of review text film the amazing Spiderman 2

I will start by saying that I am a huge fan of Spider-man. I love all the trilogies worked by Raimi (yes, even the Spider-man 3) but I do not like the Amazing Spiderman 1. I was skeptical when I wanted to watch this movie, but I was wrong and I think this second sequel is really great. Unlike its predecessor, this film is full of action, humor, and emotional. Played by the big players, the story is well-written. The action is really spectacular and the final scene makes me satisfied.
The story begins when Peter Parker (Andrew Garfield) struggled to maintain his relationship with Gwen (Emma Stone) after her father’s death. His actions also causes the emergence of a new enemy, Electro, a villain played by James Foxx. Peter also continue to investigate what happened to his father and reunited with his old friend, Harry Osborn. This movie is ended by the death of Gwen that makes the audience will be very emotional and sad.
However I have to criticize about this film addressed to Paul Giamatti who plays Rhino. His appearance is too over. His acting also does not show that he is a feared villain. It would be a serious problem for the next Spiderman series. So I hope he can improve his acting better than before.
Overall, I think this is the best superhero movie since the appearance of The Dark Knight Rises. The script is well-written and convincing. I am sure the next series will be outstanding superhero movie. I recommend this movie to anyone who loves Spider-man or other superhero movies.

02.  Explanation Text

The Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

Example

How Roman Roads were Built

The system of roads for mobility has been begun early decades. It was started since the Roman Empire conquered the world. The roads in Roman era were known as the best construction.

The Romans built roads are for the purpose of mobility, especially for the army. Having the best road, the army could march from one place to another. They built the roads as straight as possible, so that the army could take the shortest route.

It is interesting to know how the roads were built, which some of them are still in use today. First, the Romans builders would clear the ground of rocks and trees. Then they dug a trench where the road was to go and filled it with big stones. Next, they put in big stones, pebbles, cement and sand which they packed down to make a firm base. After that, they added another layer of cement mixed with broken tiles. On top of that rough construction, then they put paving stones to make the flat surface. These stones were cut so that they fitted together tightly. As the finishing touch, the stones were put at each sides of the road to hold in the paving stones. It was also used to make a channel for the water to run away.

03.  The Narrative Text

The definition of narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people.

Example :

Fox and Cat

One day a cat and a fox were having a conversation. The fox, who was a conceited creature, boasted how clever she was. ‘Why, I know at least a hundred tricks to get away from our mutual enemies, the dogs,’ she said.

‘I know only one trick to get away from dogs,’ said the cat. ‘You should teach me some of yours!’
‘Well, maybe someday, when I have the time, I may teach you a few of the simpler ones,’ replied the fox airily.

Just then they heard the barking of a pack of dogs in the distance. The barking grew louder and louder – the dogs were coming in their direction! At once the cat ran to the nearest tree and climbed into its branches, well out of reach of any dog. ‘This is the trick I told you about, the only one I know,’ said the cat. ‘Which one of your hundred tricks are you going to use?’

The fox sat silently under the tree, wondering which trick she should use. Before she could make up her mind, the dogs arrived. They fell upon the fox and tore her to pieces.

04. Procedure Text

There are three definition about procedure text : (1)Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals e.g. how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax. (2) Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road safety rules. (3) Texts that deal with human behavior, e.g how to live happily, how to succeed.

Examples of Procedure Text

HOW TO MAKE A CUP OF COFFEE

MATERIALS AND INGEDIENTS :

– 2 spoons of sugar

– one spoon of coffee powder

– hot water

– a cup
– a spoon

PROCEDURE :
1. Prepare two spoons of sugar, a cup, hot water, one spoon of coffee powder, a spoon.
2. Put one spoon of coffee powder into the cup.
3. Pour some hot water into the cup.
4. Add 2 spoons of sugar into a cup of coffee
5. Stir it well and the hot coffee is ready to drink

05. Recount Text

To tells the reader about one story, action or activity.

My Vacation with My Beloved People

One day, my sister named Dewi said to me that she really wanted to go to the beach. So I promised her that the next week we would go to Mutun beach in Lampung.

The next week, we prepared everything needed in the morning. We brought some foods and beverages, such as chocolate wafers, potato chips, water and orange juice. Before going to the beach, I ask our brother, Ali`, to join us. He agreed to join and we went there together with our parents. We went there by car. It took 3 hours to arrive there. Then, we bought tickets in the entrance gate. Before swimming, we changed our clothes first. We swam there for more than one hour. We felt so tired that we decided to eat the foods that we had brought. Next, three of us created a very big sand castle, while my parents were enjoying the beautiful scenery there. After that, we decided to go home because it was getting dark.

On the way home, we still felt hungry. So we stopped at a restaurant to have dinner. I ordered fruit, Lampungnese, traditional food, while my brother, my sister, and my parents ordered fried rice. After finished eating, we paid our bills. Then, we went home. We arrived at home at 9 o’clock. We were tired but we were absolutely happy.

06.  The Report text

The definition of this report text is also almost similar to what is often mentioned in some English books at high school level, “Reports a text which is the result of systematic observation and analyzes.”

Example of Report Text

 

A Cat

Do you ever touch a cat?
Do you have a cat at home?

A cat is one of the mammal animal which is liked a lion. It is called small lion. Although they have a similarity but they are different much. A cat is categorized as a tame animal, is a carnivore which consumes meat, flesh or fish. We can see it everywhere such as at home, at road, at the cat conservation and other.
This animal has four legs for making it easy to run so don’t be shocked if you see the fast cat takes your meal in the dining table. It can run as fast as a dog. It has paws to protect itself from the enemy, climbing the tree and danger. It has sharp teeth which is useful to cut the meal, eat something and bring something. The beautiful and smooth feather is for protecting form the unpredicted situation and keeps the important body part. Every cat has different feather color, such as cream, black, white, or black-white and other.
It is a tame pet so everybody to take care of it at home, to protect from the mouse too. But we have to be careful when we are with it. There are many disease from the cat, guys.. for example influenza, cough, respiratory error who can be caused by the cat feather. If you have a cat at home and you love it so much, please wash your hand before touching your meal and face, sweep the floor after it sleeps and also takes a bath it once a day.

07.  Discussion Text

Discussion is a process of finding common ground between two different thoughts, views or opinions.

Example of Discussion text

National Exam: Pro and Contra?

National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions among students, teachers, and parents. Some people believe that national exam is not necessary for students as a requirement to be able graduate from a school. In other hand, other people see national exam as an important indicator to know whether students have mastered all school materials or not. The debate among society about national examination goes on until now.
For people who agree, national exam is necessary for students as a requirement to graduate from a school. People who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system. They also think that national examination can motivate students to study harder.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in school education say that it doesn’t need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students’ competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students’ competences throughout the semester.
In conclusion, national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students’ cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale. However, it is not fair if only national exam score that judge whether students pass or not. Government should make a regulation that national exam is not the only requirement for students to graduate. There should be other requirements added such as students’ daily score, behavior, and achievement.

08.                        Spoof Text

The Spoof is a text which tells a factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending.

Example of Spoof Text

Abu Nawas and the King Aaron

The king wanted to test Abu Nawas’ smartness. So he invited Abu Nawas to the palace. “You want me, your Majesty?” greeted Abu Nawas. “Yes, you have fooled me three times and that’s too much. I want you to leave the country. Otherwise you will have to go to jail” said the king. “If that is what you want, I will do what you said” said Abu Nawas sadly. Then “Remember, from tomorrow you may not step on the ground of this country anymore” the king said seriously. Then Abu nawas left the king palace sadly.
The following morning the king ordered his two guards to go to Abu Nawas’ house. The guards were very surprised found Abu Nawas still in his house. He had not left the country yet. Instead leaving the country, Abu Nawas was swimming in small pool in front of his house. “Hey Abu Nawas, why haven’t you left this country yet? The king ordered you not to step on the ground of this country anymore, didn’t he?” said the guards. “Sure he did” answered Abu Nawas calmly. “But look at me! Do I step on the ground of this country? No, I do not step on the ground. I am swimming on the water” continued Abu Nawas.
The guards were not able to argue with Abu Nawas so they left Abu Nawas’ house and went back to the palace. The guards reported what they had seen to the king. The king was curious on Abu Nawas’ excuse not to leave the country. Therefore the king ordered his guard to call Abu Nawas to come to the palace.
Abu Nawas came to the palace on stilts. The king wondered and said “Abu, I will surely punish you because you haven’t done what I have said. You have not left this country”. The King continued “And now, look at you. You walk on stilts like a child. Are you crazy? The king pretended to be furious.
“I remember exactly what you said, Your Majesty” Abu Nawas answered calmly. “This morning I took a bath in the small pool in my house so that I had not to step on the ground. And since yesterday, I have been walking on this stilts. So you see, Your Majesty, I do not step on the ground of this country”. The king was not able to say anything.

09.                        Descriptive Text

Descriptive Text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

Example Descriptive Text – My Favorite Teacher

My favorite teacher is my history teacher, and he is by far the best teacher that I have ever had. He has the ability to make a subject that many students find incredibly boring come to life through his enthusiasm and passion for history, and his love of being a teacher. Going to his lessons is something we look forward to, not dread, like we do with most other lessons.

It’s ever so funny to watch him get excited about something, which happens in every lesson. It’s easy to know that he’s getting excited because he begins bouncing up and down slightly in a way that no other sixty-something year old would ever managed without looking completely ridiculous. He has this dark (with more and more grey streaks these days), springy hair that lines the edge of his growing bald patch, and the hair bounces up and down with him like thousands of tiny little springs. Then, he takes on his whole new persona, often going into role and becoming the character or figure he is talking about, doing the voices, the actions, and parading up and down the room gesticulating wildly, but all the while there’s a gentle ‘bounce, bounce, bounce’, as though the springs are not just on his head but on the soles of his shoes too.

A teacher that doesn’t take himself too seriously always will be a big hit with teenagers, although he’s not afraid to impose his authority if he has to. I’ve only ever heard him properly shout once (although thankfully it wasn’t it me), but it isn’t an experience that I would like to repeat. When he lost it, the room suddenly became more silent than I’d ever known it to be before. We all sat slightly paralyzed, not even to breathe too loudly, because hearing such a jovial and jolly little man lose his temper was a huge shock. It certainly had the right kind of impact though, because he’s never needed to shout since.

It is actually this teacher that I have to thank for my love of history. In his lessons, history does not mean copying out of textbooks and writing pages and pages of notes. History is alive; history is something tangible, that you can see, hear and feel, and we can live it through dressing up and acting out scenes or taking trips to important places of historical interest. And although he’s getting on in years and may not be teaching for much longer, he will have an important place in history for many of his students, because there has never been a teacher able to bring a subject to life in quite the same way he does.

10. News Item

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

The Biggest Insect was found – An Example of News Item Text
An explorer has found the biggest insect ever on record – so large it can scoff a carrot. The insect is called a Weta Bug and has a huge wing span of seven inches and weighs as much as three mice.

An entomologist Mark Moffett, 55, discovered the cricket-like creature up a tree on New Zealand’s Little Barrier Island. He spent two days searching for the creepy crawly which were thought to be extinct after Europeans brought rats to the island many years ago.

“This became all the more amazing when we realized that this was the largest insect recorded.” Mark said.

01.  Generic Structure of Review Text

# Orientation: Background information of the text.
# Evaluations: Concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist or more than one.
# Interpretative Recount: Summary of an art works including character and plot.
# Evaluative Summation: The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

02.  Generic Structure of Explanation Text

# General statement                : stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
# Sequenced explanation        : stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

03.  Generic Structure of Narrative Text

# Orientation               : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are introduced.
# Complication             : Where the problems in the story developed.
# Resolution                : Where the problems in the story is solved.
# Coda / reorientation (optional) – lesson from the story

04.  Generic Structure of Procedure Text

# Goal                                                 : (e.g : How to make spaghetti)
# Material or Ingredient          : (e.g : the material to cook omelette are egg, onion, vegetable oil, etc. )
# Step                                      : (e.g : first, wash the tomatoes, onion, …., second cut the onions becomes slice. . . )

05.  Generic Structure of Recount Text

# Orientation               : tells who was involved, what happened, where the events took place, and when it happened.
# Events                       : tell what happened in chronological sequence.
# Re-orientation          : consists of optional-closure of events/ending.

06.  Generic Structure of Report text

# General Classification          : Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
# Description                           : tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors.

07.  General structure of Discussion Text

– Issue                                                 : stating the issue which is to discussed
– Argument pro                                    : presenting the point in supporting the presented issue
– Argument cons                                  : presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
– Conclusion / recommendation         : stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse

08.  Generic structure of Spoof Text

#Orientation: It introduces character and provides setting
#Events: It tells events in chronological order
#Twist: It closes events with unpredictable and funny ending.

09.  Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

# Identification: (contains about the introduction of a person, place, animal or object will be described.)
# Description: contains a description of something such as animal, things, place or person by describing its features, forms, colors, or anything related to what the writer describe

10.  Generic Structure of News Item

# Main Events / Newsworthy event(s): it recounts the event in summary form.
# Elaboration / Background event(s): they elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstance
# Resource of Information (Source) : it contains comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event

11. Definition of Anecdote Text

Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

Example of Anecdote

A Blessing behind Tragedy

There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.

The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned. The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.

Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.

The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy

12. Definition of Analytical Exposition Text

Analytical Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter, and to analyze the topic that the thesis/opinion is correct by developing an argument to support it.

Example of Analytical Exposition

 The Importance of Breakfast

Why is breakfast important? “Breakfast like a King, Lunch like a Prince and Dine like a Pauper” It’s a well known phrase, but do you follow it?

Breakfast provides many benefits to our health and wellbeing. Breakfast provides the body and brain with fuel after an overnight fast – that’s where its name originates, breaking the fast! Without breakfast you are effectively running on empty, like trying to start the car with no petrol!

Breakfast support cognitive function. Breakfast also restores glucose levels, an essential carbohydrate that is needed for the brain to function. Breakfast provides energy, studies have shown how eating breakfast can improve memory and concentration levels and it can also make us happier as it can improve mood and lower stress levels.

Breakfast provides energy needs. People’s energy needs vary depending on activity levels and life stage but typically men require more energy than women. Growing children require a lot of energy, as an example boys aged 7-10 years should consume approximately 1970 kcals per day, and girls aged 7-10 years should consume approximately 1740 kcals.

13. Definition of Hortatory exposition Text
Hortatory exposition is a text which represents the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.

Example of Hortatory Exposition

Why Students Should Eat Breakfast Everyday

THESIS : A lot of people, especially young people, go through the day without having breakfast. Many people believe that it is not necessary, or they say that they don’t have time for that, and begin their day with no meal. I believe that everyone should eat breakfast before going to their activities. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of breakfast, especially for students.

ARGUMENT 1 :The first reason why you should eat breakfast before going to school is for your health. When you skip breakfast and go to school, you are looking for a disease because it’s not healthy to have an empty stomach all day long. It’s very important to have a meal and not let your stomach work empty. All you are going to get is gastritis and a lot of problems with your health if you don’t eat breakfast.

ARGUMENT 2 :Another reason for eating breakfast is because you need food for to do well in your classes. You body and your brain are not going to function as good as they could because you have no energy and no strength. When you try to learn something and have nothing in your stomach, you are going to have a lot of trouble succeeding. A lot of people think that they should not eat because they are going to feel tired, but that’s not true. Breakfast is not a very big meal, and on the contrary, you’re going to feel tired if you don’t have breakfast because you have spent the entire previous night without food.

ARGUMENT 3: The last reason to have breakfast every day is because you can avoid diseases if you eat some breakfast in the morning. If you don’t eat, you are going to get sick, and these diseases will have a stronger effect on you because you’re going to get sick easier than people who have breakfast every day.

RECOMMENDATION : You have to realize that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and you cannot skip it without consequences for your health, your school and your defense mechanism. It is better to wake up earlier and have a good breakfast that run to school without eating anything. It is time for you to do something for your health, and eating breakfast is the better way to start your day.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11.  GENERIC STRUCTURE HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

 

# Thesis: The writer point of view about the topic discussed.
# Arguments: Series of argument which strengthen the thesis stated before.
# Recommendation: The writer gives recommendation to the reader

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12.  GENERIC STRUCTURE OF ANECDOTE TEXT

1. Abstract : Signals the retelling of an unusual or amusing incident
2. Orientation : Sets the scene
3. Crisis : Provides details of the unusual incident.
4. Reaction : Reaction to the crisis
5. Coda (optional) : Reflection on or evaluation of the incident

13.  GENERIC STRUCTURE OF ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT

# Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s point of view.
# Argument: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position. The number of arguments may vary, but each argument must be supported by evidence and explanation.
# Reiteration: Restating the writer’s point of view / to strengthen the thesis. We can use the following phrase to make conclusion in reiteration